. Serially produced vessels: Defined in AS 2971:2007 as ‘Vessels of the same diameter, configuration, nominal thickness, materials, openings, attachments and manufacture which are produced in series in such manner and numbers as willpermit the use of statistical methods to control quality’. Design registration. For hazard levels A, B, C. Serially produced pressure vessels are covered by AS2971, and their design needs to comply with the definition, scope and other requirements of this standard. Serially produced pressure vessels that strictly comply with AS2971 are not required to be registered with Worksafe WA, however it is essential for these vessels to be operated. This Standard Technical Specification (STS) was developed by Hunter Water Corporation to be used in. Serially produced pressure vessels.

1. What Are Serially Produced Vessels Made

Kh-31ATypeMedium-range air-to-surface missilePlace of originService historyIn service1988–presentUsed byRussia, Serbia, China, India, Algeria,EgyptProduction historyManufacturer(Zvezda-Strela before 2002)Unit cost$550 000 (2010)Produced1982SpecificationsMassKh-31A:610 kg (1,340 lb)Kh-31P:600 kg (1,320 lb)LengthMod 1: 4.700 m (15 ft 5.0 in)Mod 2 (AD/PD): 5.3 m (17 ft 5 in)Diameter360 mm (14 in)WarheadHE shaped chargeWarhead weightKh-31A:94 kg (207 lb)Kh-31P:87 kg (192 lb). LaunchplatformBoth: Su-27SM, Su-25, Su-34, Su-35, MiG-29M, Mk1 and Mk2, MiG-29KKh-31A only: Su-33Also: Su-24MThe Kh-31 (: -31; AS-17 'Krypton') is a Russian missile carried by aircraft such as the. It is capable of 3.5 and was the first supersonic anti-ship missile that could be launched by tactical aircraft.There are several variants, it is best known as an (ARM) but there are also anti-shipping and target drone versions. There has been talk of adapting it to make an 'AWACS killer', a long-range air-to-air missile. Contents.Development The proliferation of (SAMs) has made the a priority for any modern air force intending offensive action. Knocking out air search radars and is an essential part of this mission. ARMs must have that the launch platform is out of range of the SAMs, high speed to reduce the risk of being shot down and a seeker that can detect a range of radar types, but they do not need a particularly big warhead.The Soviet Union's first ARM was developed by the Raduga OKB engineering group responsible for the Soviet Union's missiles for heavy bombers.

The Kh-22P was developed from the 6-tonne (AS-4 'Kitchen') missile. Experience gained with this led in 1973 to the (AS-9 'Kyle') carried by tactical aircraft such as the B,. It had Mach 3 capability and a 120 km (60 nmi) range, greater than the contemporary. The Kh-28 was succeeded by the in 1978, which has similar speed and range but replaces the dual-fuel rocket motor with a much safer RDTT solid propellant.The development of more sophisticated SAMs such as the and the US Navy's put pressure on the Soviets to develop better ARMs in turn. Zvezda came at the problem from a different angle to Raduga, having a background in lightweight air-to-air missiles.

However, in the mid-1970s they had developed the successful family of short-range air-to-surface missiles, including the Kh-25MP for use. Zvezda started work on a long-range ARM and the first launch of the Kh-31 was in 1982. It entered service in 1988 and was first displayed in public in 1991, the Kh-31P at Dubai and the Kh-31A at Minsk.In December 1997 it was reported that a small number of Kh-31s had been delivered to China, but that 'production had yet to begin'. It was around this time that the Russians sold 'Flanker-G' aircraft to the Chinese.

It seems that the original deliveries were of the original Russian model designated as X-31, to allow testing whilst the KR-1 model was being developed for licence production. Local production may have started by July 2005.Russian development has accelerated since Zvezda was subsumed into the Tactical Missiles Corporation in 2002, with the announcement of the 'D' extended range models and the 'M' model mid-life updates (see Variants section below).Design. L112E seekerIn many respects the Kh-31 is a miniaturised version of the P-270 (SS-N-22 'Sunburn') and was reportedly designed by the same man. The missile is conventionally shaped, with cruciform wings and control surfaces made from titanium. The two-stage propulsion is notable. On launch, a solid-fuel booster in the tail accelerates the missile to Mach 1.8 and the motor is discarded.

Then four air intakes open up and as in the Franco-German ANS/ANF the empty rocket case becomes the combustion chamber of a kerosene-fuelled, which takes it beyond Mach 4.The L-111E seeker of the anti-radar version has a unique antenna, an array of seven spiral antennas on a steerable platform. The seekers delivered to China in 2001-2 were 106.5 cm (41.9 in) long, 36 cm (14 in) in diameter, and weighed 23 kg (51 lb). Operational history The Kh-31P ARM entered service in Russia in 1988 and the Kh-31A anti-shipping version in 1989. Unlike its predecessors, it can be fitted to almost any of Russia's tactical aircraft, from the to.In 2001 India bought Kh-31s for its; they appear to have bought 60 Kh-31A and 90 Kh-31P. A few Kh-31P/KR-1's were delivered to China in 1997 but these were apparently for testing and development work. The Chinese ordered Russian missiles in late 2002 or early 2003, leading to 200 KR-1's in their inventory by 2005; the Chinese press reported in July 2005 that Su-30MKK's of the 3rd Air Division had been equipped with the missiles.The bought target drones. An $18.468-million order for thirty-four MA-31 was placed in 1999, but this order was blocked by the Russians.

The MA-31 was launched from an, and work was done on a kit to launch it from an F-16.According to some reports, the missile was used by the Russian Air Force during the South Ossetian conflict in 2008. In particular, it was reported that on August 10, 2008 a Russian Air Force Su-34 struck a Georgian near the city of Gori with Kh-31P. Georgian air defenses were disabled in order to avoid further losses.At least two successful launches of a Kh-31 hypersonic missile by a Su-34 fighter jet during Russian military drills in the Caspian Sea were held in July 2018. The target later sank due to extensive damage to its hull.

Variants. Kh-31P (right) with (left) and (middle) at, 1999. Kh-31A - active seeker head for use as an against vessels up to destroyer size, range of 25 km–103 km (13.5–55.6 ). Missile is as it approaches the target. Kh-31P (Type 77P) - passive seeker head for use as an anti-radiation missile. Stays at high altitude throughout its flight, allowing higher speeds and increasing range to 110 km (60 nmi; 70 mi). The seeker has three interchangeable modules to cover different radar, but they can only be changed at the factory.

Kh-31AD/ Kh-31PD (' Kh-31 Mod 2') - increase range through increasing the fuselage from 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in) to 5.3 m (17 ft 5 in) long. As of 2012, the Kh-31PD is serially produced. Kh-31AD is in series production since 2013. Kh-31PK - installed non-contact fuse, maximum speed 900 m/s, range 120–160 km.

Destined for Su-27SM, Su-30MK, Su-35. In serial production since 2009. telemetry and other systems installed by McDonnell Douglas/Boeing for use by the US Navy as a target drone. Tested between 1996-2007; a version upgraded with GPS, the MA-31PG, was offered to the Navy as a replacement for the but they bought the. Even with the additional equipment, the MA-31 was capable of Mach 2.7 and 15G manoevres in its anti-ship (sea-skimming) flight profile and Mach 3.5 in ARM mode at 48,000 ft (15,000 m). KR-1 - version of the Kh-31P exported to China in 1997. It seems that Zvezda wanted to sell an initial batch of KR-1's to China, before the KR-1 went into production in China.

Rather than the original three seeker modules, the KR-1 has a single K-112E 'export' seeker targeting - emissions, and reportedly optimised for specific Taiwanese radars. Ying Ji 91 - Chinese missile based on the Kh-31P.

They are also reported to have developed an anti-shipping version with an indigenous active seeker, and are looking to develop this for use in submarines. The name YJ-91 was already in use by 1997, and may have been a Chinese name for the original Russian missiles designated X-31 by the Russians. By 2005, the name YJ-93 was being applied to missiles made in China, but Western reports generally do not distinguish between YJ-91 and YJ-93.An active/passive air-to-air version for use against slow-moving support aircraft, a so-called 'AWACS killer', was announced at the 1992 with 200 km (110 nmi; 120 mi) range. That would be less than the 300–400 kilometres (160–220 nmi; 190–250 mi) promised by the (AA-13 'Arrow') and Novator missiles, but a Kh-31 derivative could be carried by a wider range of aircraft. However this may have been mere propaganda; in 2004 the Tactical Missiles Corporation 'emphatically denied' that it had ever worked on an air-to-air version of the Kh-31. In 2005 rumours persisted of a Russian AWACS killer based on the Kh-31A anti-shipping model, and of the Chinese adapting the YJ-91, derived from the Kh-31P, for the same purpose. Operators.

Map with Kh-31 operators in blue Current operators. – 125 delivered in 2007-2009. – Ordered the Kh-31P missiles in 2019. – 90. – 222 delivered in 2009-2010. – 87 delivered in 2008-2010.Potential operators.

What Are Serially Produced Vessels Made

– In April 2018, two Iranian staff, one of them a military attache were detained in Ukraine after disassembled parts and manual were found on their vehicle, the items were confiscated as it violated a UN arms embargo on Iran, since then both of them were deported.Former operators.See also. Chinese missile based on Kh-31. (SS-N-22 'Sunburn'). main US anti-radiation missile. British ARM with loiter capability.

Brazilian ARM project. US ARM cancelled in 1991Notes Wikimedia Commons has media related to. ^ annual report Tactical Missiles Corporation 2010.p. 92. ^ Rosoboronexport Air Force Department and Media & PR Service, (PDF), Rosoboronexport State Corporation, archived from (PDF) on 2007-10-30.

^ Braucksick, Ken (2004-11-17), NDIA, archived from on 2011-05-22. Sales pitch from Boeing, has useful diagrams of flight profiles etc. Retrieved 23 December 2014.

^ Friedman, Norman (2006), (5th ed.), Naval Institute Press, pp. 534–5,. ^ (PDF), Defence Today, Amberley, Queensland: Strike Publications: 67, May 2005, archived from (PDF) on 2009-01-26. (PDF).

Archived from (PDF) on 2006-11-14. (PDF). Retrieved 2007-01-26. ^ Barrie, Douglas (1997-12-10), Flight International, p. 17., Jane's Defence Weekly, 1998-09-09, retrieved 2009-01-27. ^, Jane's Missiles and Rockets, 2005-07-11, archived from on February 2, 2009., US Department of Defense, 1999-12-16.

Buckley 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2015.

Retrieved 23 December 2014. Buckley, Capt. Pat (2007-10-31), (PDF), US Navy, archived from (PDF) on 2011-05-22., Jane's Air-Launched Weapons, 2004-11-18, retrieved 2009-01-27. Chin, Jeremy (24 October 2018).

CSIS Missile Threat. From the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018. Bozinovski, Igor (23 October 2018). IHS Jane's 360. From the original on 23 October 2018.

Retrieved 29 October 2018. 2011 Annual Report of Tactical Missile Corporation,. Archived from on 2012-08-21.

Retrieved 2013-07-31. CS1 maint: archived copy as title. annual report Tactical Missiles Corporation 2009.p. 77Sources. Gordon, Yefim (2004), Soviet/Russian Aircraft Weapons Since World War Two, Hinckley, England: Midland Publishing.